VOA（美国之音）特别英语节目官方词汇表

Copyright(c)2001 by Voice Of America,Washington,DC

  PARTS OF SPEECH

• n. (noun) - a name word
• v. (verb) - an action word
• ad. (adjective/adverb) - a describing word
• prep. (preposition) - a word used to show a relation
• pro. (pronoun) - a word used in place of a noun
• conj. (conjunction) - a joining word

A

• a (an) - ad. one; any; each
• able - v. having the power to do something
• about - ad. almost ("about half"); of or having a relation to ("We talk about the weather.")
• above - ad. at a higher place
• accept - v. to agree to receive
• accident - n. something that happens by chance or mistake; an unplanned event
• accuse - v. to say a person is responsible for an act or crime; to make a statement against someone
• across - ad. from side to side; to the other side
• act - v. to do something
• activist - n. one who seeks change through action
• actor - n. someone acting in a play or show
• add - v. to put (something) with another to make it larger; to say more
• administration - n. the executive part of a government, usually headed by a president or prime minister
• admit - v. to accept ("admitted to the United Nations"); to express one's guilt or responsibility ("He admitted that what he did was wrong.")
• adult - n. a grown person
• advise - v. to help with information, knowledge or ideas in making a decision
• affect - v. to produce an effect on; to influence ("A lack of sleep affected the singer's performance.")
• afraid - ad. feeling fear
• after - ad. later; behind
• again - ad. another time; as before
• against - ad. opposed to; not agreeing with something
• age - n. how old a person or thing is
• agency - n. an organization that is part of a larger group ("an agency of the United Nations")
• aggression - n. an attack against a person or country; the violation of a country's borders
• ago - ad. of time past; before now
• agree - v. to have the same belief as someone; to be willing to do something
• agriculture - n. farming
• aid - v. to help; to support; n. help, assistance
• aim - v. to point a gun at; n. a goal or purpose
• air - n. the mixture of gases around the earth, mostly nitrogen and oxygen, that we breathe
• air force - n. a military organization using airplanes
• airplane - n. a vehicle with wings that flies
• airport - n. a place where airplanes take off and land
• album - n. a collection of recorded music
• alcohol - n. a strong, colorless liquid, usually made from grain, used as a drug or in industrial products
• alive - ad. having life; not dead
• all - ad. everything; everyone; the complete amount
• ally - n. a nation or person joined with another for a special purpose
• almost - ad. a little less than completely
• alone - ad. separated from others
• along - ad. near or on ("along the road")
• already - ad. before now; even now
• also - ad. added to; too
• although - conj. even if it is true that
• always - ad. at all times; every time
• ambassador - n. a nation's highest diplomatic representative (to another government)
• amend - v. to add to or to change (a proposal or law)
• ammunition - n. the bullets or shells fired from guns
• among - ad. in or part of (a group)
• amount - n. the number, size or weight of anything
• anarchy - n. a lack of order; lawlessness
• ancestor - n. a family member from the past
• ancient - ad. very old; long ago
• and - conj. also; in addition to; with
• anger - n. a strong emotion against someone or something
• animal - n. a living creature that moves, such as a dog or cat
• anniversary - n. a yearly celebration or observance of an event that happened in the past
• announce - v. to make known publicly; to declare officially
• another - ad. one more; a different one
• answer - n. a statement produced by a question; v. to make a statement after being asked a question
• any - ad. one or more of no special kind
• apologize - v. to express regret for a mistake or accident for which one accepts responsibility
• appeal - v. to take to a higher court, person or group for a decision; to call on somebody for help
• appear - v. to show oneself; to come into sight; to seem
• appoint - v. to name; to choose ("appoint a judge")
• approve - v. to agree with; to agree to support
• archeology - n. the scientific study of past human life and activities
• area - n. any place or part of it
• argue - v. to offer reasons for or against something; to dispute; to disagree
• arms - n. military equipment; weapons
• army - n. military ground forces
• around - ad. on every side (of)
• arrest - v. to seize a person for legal action; to take as a prisoner
• arrive - v. to come to a place, especially at the end of a trip
• art - n. expressions or creations by humans, such as paintings, music, writing or statues
• artillery - n. big guns
• as - conj. equally ("as fast as"); when; while
• ash - n. the part left after something burns
• ask - v. to question; to say something is wanted ("We ask the teacher questions every day.")
• assist - v. to help
• astronaut - n. a person who travels in space
• astronomy - n. the scientific study of stars and the universe
• asylum - n. political protection given by a government to a person from another country
• at - prep. in or near ("at the edge"); where ("look at"); when ("at noon")
• atmosphere - n. the gases surrounding any star or planet
• attach - v. to tie together; to connect
• attack - n. a violent attempt to damage, injure or kill; v. to start a fight
• attempt - v. to work toward something; to try; to make an effort
• attend - v. to be present at
• automobile - n. a vehicle with wheels used to carry people; a car
• autumn - n. the time of the year between summer and winter
• average - n. something (a number) representing the middle; ad. common; normal
• avoid - v. to stay away from
• awake - ad. not sleeping
• award - n. an honor or prize for an act or service
• away - ad. not near

B

• baby - n. a newly born creature
• back - n. the part behind the front; ad. the other way from forward
• bad - ad. wrong; acting against the law; not good
• balance - v. to make two sides or forces equal
• ball - n. something round
• balloon - n. a device of strong, light material that rises when filled with gas lighter than air
• ballot - n. a piece of paper used for voting
• ban - v. to not permit; to stop; n. an official restriction
• bank - n. an organization that keeps and lends money
• bar - v. to prevent or block
• barrier - n. anything that blocks or makes an action difficult
• base - n. a military center; v. to establish as a fact ("Her research was based on experiments.")
• battle - n. a fight between opposing armed forces
• be - v. to live; to happen; to exist
• beat - v. to hit again and again
• beauty - ad. that which pleases the eye, ear or spirit
• because - prep. for the reason that ("He left because he was sick.")
• become - v. to come to be
• bed - n. a sleeping place
• before - prep. earlier
• begin - v. to do the first part of an action; to start
• behind - ad. at the back of; in back of
• believe - v. to think; to feel sure of; to accept as true; to trust
• bell - n. an instrument that makes a musical sound ("a church bell")
• belong - v. to be owned by; to be a member of
• below - ad. lower than
• best - ad. the most good
• betray - v. to turn against; to be false to
• better - ad. more good than
• between - ad. in the space or time that separates; from one to the other ("talks between two nations")
• big - ad. of great size; not small
• bill - n. a legislative proposal
• biology - n. the scientific study of life or living things in all their forms
• bird - n. a creature that flies
• bite - v. to cut with the teeth
• black - ad. dark; having the color like that of the night sky
• blame - v. to accuse; to hold responsible
• blanket - n. a cloth cover used to keep warm
• bleed - v. to lose blood
• blind - ad. not able to see
• block - v. to stop something from being done; to prevent movement
• blood - n. red fluid in the body
• blow - v. to move with force, as in air ("The wind blows.")
• blue - ad. having the color like that of a clear sky
• boat - n. something built to travel on water that carries people or goods
• body - n. all of a person or animal; the remains of a person or animal
• boil - v. to heat a liquid until it becomes very hot
• bomb - n. a device that explodes with great force; v. to attack or destroy with bombs
• bone - n. the hard material in the body
• book - n. a long written work for reading
• border - n. a dividing line between nations
• born - v. to come to life; to come into existence
• borrow - v. to take as a loan
• both - ad. not just one of two, but the two together
• bottle - n. a container, usually made of glass, to hold liquid
• bottom - ad. the lowest part of something
• box - n. something to put things into; a container, usually made of paper or wood
• boy - n. a young male person
• boycott - v. to refuse to take part in or deal with
• brain - n. the control center of thought, emotions and body activity of all creatures
• brave - ad. having no fear
• bread - n. a food made from grain
• break - v. to divide into parts by force; to destroy
• breathe - v. to take air into the body and let it out again
• bridge - n. a structure built over a waterway, valley or road so people and vehicles can cross from one side to the other
• brief - ad. short; not long
• bright - ad. giving much light; strong and clear in color
• bring - v. to come with something
• broadcast - v. to send information, stories or music by radio or television; n. a radio or television program
• brother - n. a male with the same father or mother as another person
• brown - ad. having the color like that of coffee
• budget - n. a spending plan
• build - v. to join materials together to make something
• building - n. anything built for use as a house, factory, office, school, store or place of entertainment
• bullet - n. a small piece of metal shot from a gun
• burn - v. to be on fire; to destroy or damage by fire
• burst - v. to break open suddenly
• bury - v. to put into the ground and cover with earth
• bus - n. a public vehicle to carry people
• business - n. one's work; buying and selling to earn money; trade
• busy - ad. doing something; very active
• but - conj. however; other than; yet
• buy - v. to get by paying something, usually money
• by - conj. near; at; next to ("by the road"); from ("a play by William Shakespeare"); not later than ("by midnight")

C

• cabinet - n. a group of ministers that helps lead a government
• call - v. to give a name to ("I call myself John."); to ask for or request ("They called for an end to the fighting.")
• calm - ad. quiet; peaceful; opposite tense
• camera - n. a device for taking pictures
• camp - n. a place with temporary housing
• campaign - n. a competition by opposing political candidates seeking support from voters; a connected series of military actions during a war
• can - v. to be able to; to have the right to; n. a container used to hold liquid or food, usually made of metal
• cancel - v. to end; to stop
• cancer - n. a disease in which dangerous cells grow quickly and destroy parts of the body
• candidate - n. a person who seeks or is nominated for an office or an honor
• capital - n. the official center of a government; the city where a country's government is
• capitalism - n. an economic system in which the production of most goods and services is owned and operated for profit by private citizens or companies
• capture - v. to make a person or animal a prisoner; to seize or take by force; to get control of
• car - n. a vehicle with wheels used to carry people; an automobile; a part of a train
• care - v. to like; to protect; to feel worry or interest
• careful - ad. acting safely; with much thought
• carry - v. to take something or someone from one place to another
• case (court) - n. a legal action
• case (medical) - n. an incident of disease ("There was only one case of chicken pox at the school.")
• cat - n. a small animal that often lives with humans
• catch - v. to seize after a chase; to stop and seize with the hands
• cause - v. to make happen; n. the thing or person that produces a result
• ceasefire - n. a halt in fighting, usually by agreement
• celebrate - v. to honor a person or event with special activities
• center - n. the middle of something; the place in the middle; a place that is the main point of an activity
• century - n. one hundred years
• ceremony - n. an act or series of acts done in a special way established by tradition
• chairman - n. a person leading a meeting or an organized group
• champion - n. the best; the winner
• chance - n. a possibility of winning or losing or that something will happen
• change - v. to make different; to become different
• charge - v. to accuse someone of something, usually a crime; n. a statement in which someone is accused of something
• chase - v. to run or go after someone or something
• cheat - v. to get by a trick; to steal from
• cheer - v. to shout approval or praise
• chemicals - n. elements found in nature or made by people; substances used in the science of chemistry
• chemistry - n. the scientific study of substances, what they are made of, how they act under different conditions, and how they form other substances
• chief - n. the head or leader of a group; ad. leading; most important
• child - n. a baby; a boy or girl
• children - n. more than one child
• choose - v. to decide between two or more
• circle - n. a closed shape that has all its points equally distant from the center, like an "O"
• citizen - n. a person who is a member of a country by birth or by law
• city - n. any important large town
• civilian - ad. not military
• civil rights - n. the political, economic and social rights given equally to all people of a nation
• claim - v. to say something as a fact
• clash - n. a battle; v. to fight or oppose
• clean - v. to make pure; ad. free from dirt or harmful substances ("clean water")
• clear - ad. easy to see or see through; easily understood
• clergy - n. a body of officials within a religious organization
• climate - n. the normal weather conditions of a place
• climb - v. to go up or down something by using the feet and sometimes the hands
• clock - n. a device that measures and shows time
• close - v. to make something not open; ad. near to
• cloth - n. a material made from plants, chemicals, animal hair and other substances
• clothes - n. what people wear
• cloud - n. a mass of fog high in the sky
• coal - n. a solid black substance used as fuel
• coalition - n. forces, groups or nations joined together
• coast - n. land on the edge of the ocean
• coffee - n. a drink made from the plant of the same name
• cold - ad. not warm; having or feeling great coolness or a low temperature
• collect - v. to bring or gather together in one place; to demand and receive ("collect taxes")
• college - n. a small university
• colony - n. land controlled by another country or government
• color - n. the different effects of light on the eye, making blue, red, brown, black, yellow and others
• combine - v. to mix or bring together
• come - v. to move toward; to arrive
• command - v. to order; to have power over something
• comment - v. to say something about; to express an opinion about something
• committee - n. a group of people given special work
• common - ad. usual; same for all ("a common purpose")
• communicate - v. to tell; to give or exchange information
• community - n. a group of people living together in one place or area
• company - n. a business organized for trade, industrial or other purposes
• compare - v. to examine what is different or similar
• compete - v. to try to do as well as, or better than, another or others
• complete - ad. having all parts; ended or finished
• complex - ad. of or having many parts that are difficult to understand; not simple
• compromise - n. the settlement of an argument where each side agrees to accept less than first demanded
• computer - n. an electronic machine for storing and organizing information, and for communicating with others
• concern - n. interest, worry ("express concern about"); v. to fear ("to be concerned")
• condemn - v. to say a person or action is wrong or bad
• condition - n. something declared necessary to complete an agreement; a person's health
• conference - n. a meeting
• confirm - v. to approve; to say that something is true
• conflict - n. a fight; a battle, especially a long one
• congratulate - v. to praise a person or to express pleasure for success or good luck
• Congress - n. the organization of people elected to make the laws of the United States (the House of Representatives and the Senate); a similar organization in other countries
• connect - v. to join one thing to another; to unite; to link
• conservative - n. one who usually supports tradition and opposes great change
• consider - v. to give thought to; to think about carefully
• constitution - n. the written general laws and ideas that form a nation's system of government
• contain - v. to hold; to include
• container - n. a box, bottle or can used to hold something
• continent - n. any of the seven great land areas of the world
• continue - v. to go on doing or being
• control - v. to direct; to have power over
• convention - n. a large meeting for a special purpose
• cook - v. to heat food before eating it
• cool - ad. almost cold
• cooperate - v. to act or work together
• copy - v. to make something exactly like another; n. something made to look exactly like another
• corn - n. a food grain
• correct - ad. true; free from mistakes; v. to change to what is right
• cost - n. the price or value of something ("The cost of the book is five dollars."); v. to be valued at ("The book costs five dollars.")
• cotton - n. a material made from a plant of the same name
• count - v. to speak or add numbers
• country - n. a nation; the territory of a nation; land away from cities
• court - n. where trials take place; where judges make decisions about law
• cover - v. to put something over a person or thing; n. anything that is put over a person or thing
• cow - n. a farm animal used for its milk
• crash - v. to fall violently; to hit with great force
• create - v. to make; to give life or form to
• creature - n. any living being; any animal or human
• credit - n. an agreement that payments will be made at a later time
• crew - n. a group of people working together
• crime - n. an act that violates a law
• criminal - n. a person who is responsible for a crime
• crisis - n. an extremely important time when something may become much better or worse; a dangerous situation
• criticize - v. to say what is wrong with something or someone; to condemn; to judge
• crops - n. plants that are grown and gathered for food, such as grains, fruits and vegetables
• cross - v. to go from one side to another; to go across
• crowd - n. a large number of people gathered in one place
• crush - v. to damage or destroy by great weight; to defeat completely
• cry - v. to express or show sorrow or pain
• culture - n. all the beliefs, traditions and arts of a group or population
• cure - v. to improve health; to make well ("The doctor can cure the disease."); n. something that makes a sick person well ("Antibiotics are a cure for infection.")
• curfew - n. an order to people to stay off the streets or to close their businesses
• current - n. movement of air, water or electricity; ad. belonging to the present time ("She found the report in a current publication.")
• custom - n. a long-established belief or activity of a people
• customs - n. taxes on imports
• cut - v. to divide or injure with a sharp tool; to make less; to reduce

D

• dam - n. a wall built across a river to hold back flowing water
• damage - v. to cause injury or destruction; n. harm; hurt or injury, usually to things
• dance - v. to move the body and feet to music; n. a series of steps, usually to music
• danger - n. a strong chance of suffering injury, damage or loss
• dark - ad. having little or no light ("The room was dark.")
• date - n. an expression of time; a day, month and year
• daughter - n. a person's female child
• day - n. twenty-four hours; the hours of sunlight
• dead - ad. not living
• deaf - ad. not able to hear
• deal - v. to have to do with ("The talks will deal with the problem of pollution."); to buy or sell ("Her company deals in plastic.")
• debate - v. to argue for or against something; n. a public discussion or argument
• debt - n. something that is owed; the condition of owing
• decide - v. to choose; to settle; to judge
• declare - v. to say; to make a statement
• decrease - v. to make less in size or amount
• deep - ad. going far down; a long way from top to bottom
• defeat - v. to cause to lose in a battle or struggle; n. a loss; the condition of having lost
• defend - v. to guard or fight against attack; to protect
• deficit - n. a shortage that results when spending is greater than earnings, or imports are greater than exports
• define - v. to give the meaning of; to explain
• degree - n. a measure of temperature
• delay - v. to decide to do something at a later time; to postpone; to cause to be late
• delegate - n. one sent to act for another; one who represents another
• demand - v. to ask by ordering; to ask with force
• democracy - n. the system of government in which citizens vote to choose leaders or to make other important decisions
• demonstrate - v. to make a public show of opinions or feelings ("The crowd demonstrated in support of human rights."); to explain by using examples ("The teacher demonstrated the idea with an experiment.")
• denounce - v. to accuse of being wrong or evil; to criticize severely
• deny - v. to declare that something is not true; to refuse a request
• depend - v. to need help and support
• deplore - v. to regret strongly; to express sadness
• deploy - v. to move forces or weapons into positions for action
• depression - n. severe unhappiness; a period of reduced business and economic activity during which many people lose their jobs
• describe - v. to give a word picture of something; to give details of something
• desert - n. a dry area of land
• design - v. to plan or create plans for
• desire - v. to want very much; to wish for
• destroy - v. to break into pieces; to end the existence of
• detail - n. a small part of something; a small piece of information
• develop - v. to grow; to create; to experience progress
• device - n. a piece of equipment made for a special purpose
• dictator - n. a ruler with complete power
• die - v. to become dead; to stop living; to end
• diet - n. usual daily food and drink
• different - ad. not the same
• difficult - ad. not easy; hard to do, make or carry out
• dig - v. to make a hole in the ground
• dinner - n. the main amount of food eaten at a usual time ("The family had its dinner at noon."); a special event that includes food ("The official dinner took place at the White House.")
• diplomat - n. a person who represents his or her government in dealing with another government
• direct - v. to lead; to aim or show the way ("He directed me to the theater."); ad. straight to something; not through some other person or thing ("The path is direct.")
• direction - n. the way (east, west, north, south); where someone or something came from or went to
• dirt - n. earth or soil
• disappear - v. to become unseen; to no longer exist
• disarm - v. to take away weapons; to no longer keep weapons; to make a bomb harmless by removing its exploding device
• discover - v. to find or learn something
• discuss - v. to talk about; to exchange ideas
• disease - n. a sickness in living things, often caused by viruses, germs or bacteria
• dismiss - v. to send away; to refuse to consider
• dispute - v. to oppose strongly by argument; n. an angry debate
• dissident - n. a person who strongly disagrees with his or her government
• distance - n. the amount of space between two places or objects ("The distance from my house to your house is two kilometers.")
• dive - v. to jump into water head first
• divide - v. to separate into two or more parts
• do - v. to act; to make an effort
• doctor - n. a person trained in medicine to treat sick people
• document - n. an official piece of paper with facts written on it, used as proof or support of something
• dog - n. a small animal that often lives with humans
• dollar - n. United States money, one hundred cents
• door - n. an opening for entering or leaving a building or room
• down - ad. from higher to lower; in a low place
• dream - v. to have a picture or story in the mind during sleep; n. a picture or story in the mind during sleep; a happy idea about the future
• drink - v. to take liquid into the body through the mouth
• drive - v. to control a moving vehicle
• drop - v. to fall or let fall; to go lower
• drown - v. to die under water
• drug - n. anything used as a medicine or in making medicine; a chemical substance used to ease pain or to affect the mind
• dry - ad. not wet; without rain
• during - ad. through the whole time; while (something is happening)
• dust - n. pieces of matter so small that they can float in the air
• duty - n. one's job or responsibility; what one must do because it is right and just

E

• each - ad. every one by itself
• early - ad. at or near the beginning, especially the beginning of the day; opposite late
• earn - v. to be paid in return for work done
• earth - n. the planet we all live on; the ground or soil
• earthquake - n. a sudden, violent shaking of the earth's surface
• ease - v. to reduce; to make less difficult
• east - n. the direction from which the sun rises
• easy - ad. not difficult; not hard to do
• eat - v. to take food into the body through the mouth
• ecology - n. the scientific study of the environment and links among living and material things
• economy - n. the system by which money, industry and trade are organized
• edge - n. the line where something ends or begins
• education - n. the act of teaching
• effect - n. the result or change caused by something ("The storm had a serious effect on the economy.")
• effort - n. an attempt; the work necessary to do something
• egg - n. the rounded object containing unborn young produced by female birds, fish or reptiles; a single cell in a female person or animal that can develop into a baby
• either - ad. one of two, but not the other
• elect - v. to choose by voting
• electricity - n. a form of energy that flows through wires to provide heat and light, and power to machines
• embassy - n. the offices of an ambassador and his or her assistants
• emergency - n. an unexpected and dangerous situation demanding quick action
• emotion - n. a strong feeling such as love, hate, fear or sadness
• employ - v. to give work in return for wages
• empty - ad. having nothing inside; v. to remove everything
• end - v. to stop; to finish; n. the part which comes last
• enemy - n. a person opposing or hating another; a person or people of the other side in a war
• energy - n. power used to do work, usually with machines; the ability and willingness to be active
• enforce - v. to make something be done
• engine - n. a machine that uses energy to cause movement or to do work
• engineer - n. a person who designs engines, machines, roads, bridges or railroads
• enjoy - v. to be pleased or satisfied by something
• enough - ad. as much as necessary; pro. the amount needed
• enter - v. to come or go into
• environment - n. all surrounding things, conditions and influences that affect life; the natural world of land, sea, air, plants and animals
• equal - ad. the same in amount, size, weight or value; having the same rights
• equipment - n. things, tools or machines needed for a purpose or activity
• escape - v. to get free; to get away from; to get out of
• especially - ad. more than others ("We liked the food, especially the fish.")
• establish - v. to bring into existence; to create
• estimate - v. to form an opinion about a value, size or amount using less than complete information
• ethnic - ad. of or concerning people belonging to a large group because of their race, religion, language, tribe or where their ancestors lived
• evaporate - v. to change from a liquid into a gas
• even - ad. in a way not thought possible ("They survived, even though the building was destroyed.")
• event - n. that which happens, especially something of importance
• ever - ad. at any time
• every - ad. each one; all
• evidence - n. material or facts that prove something; a reason for believing
• evil - ad. not good; extremely bad
• exact - ad. having no mistakes; correct in every detail
• examine - v. to study closely
• example - n. a part that shows what the rest of a thing or group is like
• excellent - ad. extremely good
• except - prep. but for
• exchange - v. to trade; to give or receive one thing for another
• excuse - v. to take away blame; to pardon; to forgive; n. a reason (sometimes false) for an action
• execute - v. to kill
• exercise - n. an activity or effort for the purpose of improving the body or to stay in good health
• exile - v. to force a person to leave his or her country; to expel; n. a person who is forced to leave his or her country
• exist - v. to be; to live
• expand - v. to make larger; to grow larger
• expect - v. to think or believe that something will happen; to wait for an event
• expel - v. to force out; to remove from; to send away
• experience - v. to live through an event, situation or condition ("She experienced great pain."); n. something that one has done or lived through ("The experience caused her great pain.")
• experiment - v. to test; n. a test or trial carried out to prove if an idea is true or false, or to discover something
• expert - n. a person with special knowledge or training
• explain - v. to give reasons for; to make clear; to tell about; to tell the meaning
• explode - v. to break apart violently with a loud noise, like a bomb
• explore - v. to travel in a place that is not well known to learn more about it; to make a careful search; to examine closely
• export - v. to send to another country; n. something sent to another country, usually for sale
• express - v. to say clearly
• extend - v. to stretch out in area or length; to continue for a longer time
• extra - ad. more than normal, expected or necessary
• extreme - ad. more than the usual or accepted
• extremist - n. a person with strong religious or political beliefs who acts in an extreme or violent way

F

• face - n. the front of the head: eyes, nose, mouth; v. to look toward; to turn toward; to have before you, such as a problem or danger
• fact - n. something known or proved to be true
• factory - n. a building or group of buildings where goods are made
• fail - v. to not succeed; to not reach a goal
• fair - ad. just; honest; what is right
• fall - v. to go down quickly; to come down; to drop to the ground or a lower position
• false - ad. not true; not correct
• family - n. the group that includes children and their parents
• famous - ad. known very well to many people
• far - ad. at, to or from a great distance
• farm - n. land used to grow crops and animals for food
• fast - ad. moving or working at great speed; quick
• fat - n. tissue in the bodies of humans and animals used to store energy and to keep warm; ad. thick; heavy
• father - n. the male parent; a man who has a child or children
• fear - v. to be afraid; to worry that something bad is near or may happen ("He feared falling down."); n. a strong emotion when there is danger or trouble ("He had a fear that he would fall down.")
• federal - ad. of or having to do with a national or central government
• feed - v. to give food to
• feel - v. to have or experience an emotion; to know by touching
• female - n. a woman or girl; the sex that gives birth; ad. of or about women
• fence - n. something around an area of land to keep animals or people in or out
• fertile - ad. rich in production of plants or animals; producing much
• few - ad. not many; a small number of
• field - n. an area of open land, usually used to grow crops or to raise animals
• fierce - ad. extremely strong; violent; angry
• fight - v. to use violence or force; to attempt to defeat or destroy an enemy; n. the use of force; a battle
• fill - v. to put or pour something into a container until there is space for no more
• film - v. to record something so it can be seen again; to make a motion picture or movie; n. a thin piece of material for making pictures with a camera; a movie
• final - ad. at the end; last
• financial - ad. of or about the system that includes the use of money, credit, investments and banks
• find - v. to discover or learn something by searching or by accident; to decide a court case ("The jury finds the man guilty of murder.")
• fine - n. a payment ordered by a court to punish someone for a crime; ad. very good; very small or thin
• finish - v. to complete; to end
• fire - v. to shoot a gun; n. the heat and light produced by something burning
• fireworks - n. rockets producing bright fire in the sky, used in holiday celebrations
• firm - ad. not easily moved or changed ("She is firm in her opinion.")
• first - ad. coming before all others
• fish - n. a creature that lives and can breathe in water
• fit - v. to be of the correct size or shape ("These shoes fit my feet.")
• fix - v. to make good or right again
• flag - n. a piece of colored cloth used to represent a nation, government or organization
• flat - ad. smooth; having no high places
• flee - v. to run away from
• float - v. to be on water without sinking; to move or be moved gently on water or through air
• flood - v. to cover with water; n. the movement of water out of a river, lake or ocean onto land
• floor - n. the bottom part of a room for walking on ("The book fell to the floor."); the level of a building ("The fire was on the first floor.")
• flow - v. to move like a liquid
• flower - n. the colored part of plants that carry seeds
• fluid - n. any substance that can flow, such as a liquid
• fly - v. to move through the air with wings, like a bird or airplane; to travel in an airplane or flying vehicle
• fog - n. a mass of wet air that is difficult to see through; a cloud close to the ground
• follow - v. to come or go after; to accept the rule or power of; to obey
• food - n. that which is taken in by all living things for energy, strength and growth
• fool - v. to make someone believe something that is not true; to trick; n. a person who is tricked easily
• foot - n. the bottom part of the leg; the part of the body that touches the ground when a person or animal walks
• for - prep. because of ("He is famous for his work."); in exchange ("Give me one dollar for the book."); through space or time ("They travelled for one hour."); representative of ("I speak for all people."); to be employed by ("She works for a computer company.")
• force - v. to make someone do something or make something happen by using power; n. power, strength; strength used against a person or object; military power of a nation; a military group
• foreign - ad. of, about or from another nation; not from one's own place or country
• forest - n. a place of many trees
• forget - v. to not remember
• forgive - v. to pardon; to excuse; to remove guilt
• form - v. to make; to start; to shape ("They formed a swim team."); n. a kind ("Swimming is a form of exercise.")
• former - ad. earlier in time; not now
• forward - ad. the direction in front of; toward the front
• free - v. to release; ad. not controlled by another or by outside forces; not in prison; independent; not limited by rules; without cost
• freedom - n. the condition of being free
• freeze - v. to cause or to become very cold; to make or to become hard by cold
• fresh - ad. newly made or gathered; recent
• friend - n. a person one likes and trusts
• frighten - v. to cause great fear
• from - prep. having a person, place or thing as a beginning or cause ("It is a message from the president."); at a place distant, not near ("The school is five kilometers from my home."); because of ("He is suffering from cancer.")
• front - n. the forward part; the opposite of back; the beginning; the first part
• fruit - n. food from trees and plants
• fuel - n. any substance burned to create heat or power
• full - ad. containing as much as a person or thing can hold; complete
• fun - n. anything that is pleasing and causes happiness
• funeral - n. a ceremony held in connection with the burial or burning of the dead
• future - n. time after now ("We can talk about it in the future."); ad. in the time to come ("All future meetings will be held in this room.")

G

• gain - v. to get possession of; to get more; to increase
• game - n. an activity with rules in which people or teams play or compete, usually sports
• gas - n. any substance that is not solid or liquid; any substance that burns to provide heat, light or power
• gather - v. to bring or come together into a group or place; to collect
• general - n. a high military leader; ad. without details; affecting or including all or almost all
• gentle - ad. soft; kind; not rough or violent
• get - v. to receive; to gain; to go and bring back; to become; to become the owner of
• gift - n. something given without cost
• girl - n. a young female person
• give - v. to present to another to keep without receiving payment
• glass - n. a hard, clear material that is easily broken, used most often for windows or for containers to hold liquids
• go - v. to move from one place to another; to leave
• goal - n. that toward which an effort is directed; that which is aimed at; the end of a trip or race
• god - n. the spirit that is honored as creator of all things ("They believe in God."); a spirit or being believed in many religions to have special powers
• gold - n. a highly valued yellow metal
• good - ad. pleasing; helpful; kind; correct; not bad
• goods - n. things owned or made to be sold
• govern - v. to control; to rule by military or political power
• government - n. a system of governing; the organization of people that rules a country, city or area
• grain - n. the seed of grass plants used for food, such as wheat, rice and corn; those plants that produce the seeds
• granddaughter - n. the daughter of a person's daughter or son
• grandfather - n. the father of a person's father or mother
• grandmother - n. the mother of a person's father or mother
• grandson - n. the son of a person's daughter or son
• grass - n. a plant with long, narrow, green leaves
• gray - ad. having the color like that made by mixing black and white
• great - ad. very large or more than usual in size or number; very good; important
• green - ad. having the color like that made by mixing yellow and blue; having the color like that of growing leaves and grass
• grind - v. to reduce to small pieces by crushing
• ground - n. land; the earth's surface; soil
• group - n. a number of people or things together; a gathering of people working for a common purpose
• grow - v. to develop or become bigger; to increase in size or amount
• guarantee - v. to promise a result; to promise that something will happen
• guard - v. to watch and protect a person, place or thing ("He guards the president."); n. a person or thing that watches or protects ("He is a prison guard.")
• guerrilla - n. a person who fights as part of an unofficial army, usually against an official army or police
• guide - v. to lead to; to show the way; n. one who shows the way
• guilty - ad. having done something wrong or in violation of a law; responsible for a bad action
• gun - n. a weapon that shoots bullets

H

• hair - n. the fine material that grows from the skin, especially from the head
• half - n. one of two equal parts of something
• halt - v. to come or cause to come to a stop; to stop
• hang - v. to place something so the highest part is supported and the lower part is not; to kill by hanging
• happen - v. to become a fact or event; to take place
• happy - ad. pleased; satisfied; feeling good; not sad
• hard - ad. not easily cut or broken; solid; difficult to do or understand; needing much effort or force
• harm - v. to injure; to damage; n. damage; hurt
• harvest - v. to gather crops; n. the crop after it is gathered
• hat - n. a head cover
• hate - v. to have strong emotions against; to consider as an enemy; opposite love
• have - v. to possess; to own; to hold
• he - pro. the boy or man who is being spoken about
• head - v. to lead; to command; n. leader; chief; the top part of something; the highest position
• headquarters - n. the center from which orders are given; the main offices of a business or organization
• heal - v. to return to good health; to cure; to become well
• health - n. the general condition of the body and mind; the condition of being free from sickness or disease
• hear - v. to receive sound through the ears; to receive news about
• heat - v. to make hot or warm; n. great warmth; that which is produced by burning fuel; energy from the sun
• heavy - ad. having much weight; not easy to lift; of great amount or force
• helicopter - n. a machine without wings that can fly up or down or remain in one place above the ground
• help - v. to give support; to assist; to make easier; n. support; aid
• here - ad. in, to or at this place
• hero - n. a person honored for being brave or wise
• hide - v. to prevent from being seen or found; to make secret
• high - ad. tall; far up; far above the ground; important; above others
• hijack - v. to seize or take control of a vehicle by force
• hill - n. a small mountain
• history - n. the written record or description of past events; the study of the past
• hit - v. to strike; to touch with force
• hold - v. to carry or support, usually in the hands or arms; to keep in one position; to keep as a prisoner; to contain; to possess; to occupy; to organize and be involved in ("The two sides hold talks this week.")
• hole - n. an opening; a torn or broken place in something
• holiday - n. a day when one does not work; a day on which no work is done to honor or remember a person or event
• holy - ad. greatly honored in religion
• home - n. the building where a person lives, especially with family; the place where one was born or comes from; the area or country where one lives
• honest - ad. truthful; able to be trusted
• honor - v. to obey; to show strong, good feelings for ("to honor one's parents"); n. an award; an act of giving special recognition ("He received many honors for his efforts to help others.")
• hope - v. to expect; to believe there is a good chance that something will happen as wanted; to want something to happen
• horrible - ad. causing great fear; terrible
• horse - n. a large animal often used for racing, riding or farm work
• hospital - n. a place where sick or injured people are given medical care
• hostage - n. a person captured and held as a guarantee that a demand or promise will be honored
• hostile - ad. ready to fight; ready for war
• hot - ad. having or feeling great heat or a high temperature
• hotel - n. a building with rooms, and often food, for travellers
• hour - n. a measure of time; sixty minutes
• house - n. a building in which people live; a country's parliament or lawmaking group ("House of Representatives")
• how - ad. in what way; to what amount
• however - conj. yet; but
• huge - ad. very big; of great size
• human - ad. of or about people
• humor - n. the ability to understand, enjoy or express what makes people laugh
• hunger - n. the need for food
• hunt - v. to search for animals to capture or kill them; to seek; to try to find
• hurry - v. to do or go fast
• hurt - v. to cause pain, injury or damage
• husband - n. a man who is married

I

• I - pro. the person speaking
• ice - n. frozen water
• idea - n. a thought or picture in the mind; a belief
• identify - v. to recognize someone or something and to say who or what they are
• if - conj. on condition; provided that ("I will go if you go.")
• illegal - ad. not legal; in violation of a law
• imagine - v. to make a picture in the mind; to form an idea
• immediate - ad. without delay; very near in time or place
• import - v. to bring from another country; n. something brought from another country, usually for sale
• important - ad. having great meaning, value or power
• improve - v. to make better; to become better
• in - prep. inside; held by; contained by; surrounded by; during
• incident - n. an event or something that happens
• incite - v. to urge or cause an action or emotion, usually something bad or violent
• include - v. to have; to make a part of
• increase - v. to make more in size or amount
• independent - ad. not influenced by or controlled by another or others; free; separate
• individual - n. one person
• industry - n. any business that produces goods or provides services; the work and related activity in factories and offices; all organizations involved in manufacturing
• infect - v. to make sick with something that causes disease
• inflation - n. a continuing rise in prices while the value of money goes down
• influence - v. to have an effect on someone or something; to cause change
• inform - v. to tell; to give knowledge to
• information - n. knowledge; facts
• inject - v. to force a fluid into, such as putting medicine or drugs into the body through the skin
• injure - v. to cause harm or damage to a person or animal
• innocent - ad. not guilty of a crime; not responsible for a bad action
• insane - ad. mentally sick
• insect - n. a very small creature, usually with many legs and sometimes with wings
• inspect - v. to look at something carefully; to examine, especially by an expert
• instead - ad. in the place of; taking the place of
• instrument - n. a tool or device designed to do something or to make something
• insult - v. to say something or to do something that makes another person angry or dishonored
• intelligence - n. the ability to think or learn; information gathered by spying
• intelligent - ad. quick to understand or learn
• intense - ad. very strong; extremely serious
• interest - n. what is important to someone ("He acted to protect his interests." "She had a great interest in painting."); a share in owning a business; money paid for the use of money borrowed
• interfere - v. to get in the way of; to work against; to take part in the activities of others, especially when not asked to do so
• international - ad. of or about more than one nation or many nations; of the whole world
• intervene - v. to come between; to come between in order to settle or solve
• invade - v. to enter an area or country by force with an army
• invent - v. to plan and make something never made before; to create a new thing or way of doing something
• invest - v. to give money to a business or organization with the hope of making more money
• investigate - v. to study or examine all information about an event, situation or charge; to search for the truth
• invite - v. to ask someone to take part in or join an event, organization or gathering
• involve - v. to take part in; to become a part of; to include
• iron - n. a strong, hard metal used to make machines and tools
• island - n. a land area with water all around it
• issue - n. an important problem or subject that people are discussing or arguing about
• it - pro. a thing, place, event or idea that is being spoken about ("The sky is blue, but it also has a few white clouds.")

J

• jail - n. a prison for those waiting to be tried for a crime or for those serving sentences for crimes that are not serious
• jewel - n. a valuable stone, such as a diamond or emerald
• job - n. the work that one does to earn money
• join - v. to put together or come together; to become part of or a member of
• joint - ad. shared by two or more
• joke - n. something done or said to cause others to laugh
• judge - v. to form an opinion about; to decide a question, especially a legal one; n. a public official who decides problems of law in a court
• jump - v. to push down on the feet and move up quickly into the air
• jury - n. a group of people chosen to decide what is true in a trial
• just - ad. only ("Help me for just a minute."); very shortly before or after the present ("He just left."); at the same time ("He left just as I came in."); what is right or fair ("The law is just, in my opinion.")

K

• keep - v. to possess; to have for oneself
• kick - v. to hit with the foot
• kidnap - v. to seize and take away by force
• kill - v. to make dead; to cause to die
• kind - n. sort ("What kind of dog is that?"); ad. gentle; caring; helpful
• kiss - v. to touch with the mouth to show love or honor
• knife - n. a tool or weapon used to cut
• know - v. to understand something as correct; to have the facts about; to recognize someone because you have met and talked together before
• knowledge - n. that which is known; learning or understanding

L

• labor - n. work; workers as a group
• laboratory - n. a room or place where experiments in science are done
• lack - v. to be without; n. the condition of needing, wanting or not having
• lake - n. a large area of fresh water surrounded by land
• land - v. to come to the earth from the air ("Airplanes land at airports."); n. the part of the earth not covered by water; the ground
• language - n. words and their use; what people speak in a country, nation or group
• large - ad. big; being of more than usual size, amount or number; opposite small
• last - v. to continue ("The talks will last three days."); ad. after all others; the only one remaining ("She is the last person in line.")
• late - ad. after the correct time; near the end; opposite early
• laugh - v. to make sounds to express pleasure or happy feelings
• launch - v. to put into operation; to begin; to send into the air or space
• law - n. all or any rules made by a government
• lead - v. to show the way; to command; to control; to go first
• leak - v. to come out of or to escape through a small opening or hole (usually a gas or liquid)
• learn - v. to get knowledge about; to come to know a fact or facts
• leave - v. to go away from; to let something stay where it is
• left - ad. on the side that is toward the west when one is facing north; opposite right
• legal - ad. of or in agreement with the law
• legislature - n. a government lawmaking group
• lend - v. to permit someone to use a thing temporarily; to make a loan of money
• less - ad. smaller in amount; not as much
• let - v. to permit to do or to be; to make possible
• letter - n. a message written on paper; a communication in writing sent to another person
• level - n. the amount or height that something reaches or rises to; the position of something or someone
• liberal - ad. one who usually supports social progress or change
• lie - v. to have one's body on the ground or other surface; to say something that one knows is not true
• life - n. the time between being born and dying; opposite death; all living things
• lift - v. to take or bring up to a higher place or level
• light - n. a form of energy that affects the eyes so that one is able to see; anything that produces light; ad. bright; clear; not heavy
• lightning - n. light produced by electricity in the air, usually during a storm
• like - v. to be pleased with; to have good feelings for someone or something; ad. in the same way as; similar to
• limit - v. to restrict to a number or amount; n. the greatest amount or number permitted
• line - n. a long, thin mark on a surface; a number of people or things organized; one after another; the edge of an area protected by military forces
• link - v. to connect; to unite one thing or event with another; n. a relation between two or more things, situations or events
• liquid - n. a substance that is not a solid or gas, and can move freely, like water
• list - v. to put in writing a number of names of people or things; n. a written series of names or things
• listen - v. to try to hear
• literature - n. all the poems, stories and writings of a period of time or of a country
• little - ad. not tall or big; a small amount
• live - v. to have life; to exist; ad. having life; alive
• load - v. to put objects on or into a vehicle or container; n. that which is carried
• loan - n. money borrowed that usually must be returned with interest payments; something borrowed
• local - ad. about or having to do with one place
• lonely - ad. feeling alone and wanting friends; visited by few or no people ("a lonely man")
• long - ad. not short; measuring from beginning to end; measuring much; for much time
• look - v. to turn the eyes toward so as to see; to search or hunt for; to seem to be
• lose - v. to have no longer; to not find; to fail to keep; to be defeated
• loud - ad. having a strong sound; full of sound or noise
• love - v. to like very much; to feel a strong, kind emotion (sometimes involving sex); n. a strong, kind emotion for someone or something; opposite hate
• low - ad. not high or tall; below the normal height; close to the ground
• loyal - ad. showing strong friendship and support for someone or something
• luck - n. something that happens by chance

M

• machine - n. a device with moving parts used to do work
• magazine - n. a publication of news, stories, pictures or other information
• mail - n. letters, papers and other things sent through an official system, such as a post office
• main - ad. the most important or largest
• major - ad. great in size, importance or amount
• majority - n. the greater number; more than half
• make - v. to produce; to create; to build; to do something or to carry out an action; to cause to be or to become
• male - n. a man or boy; the sex that is the father of children; ad. of or about men
• man - n. an adult male human
• manufacture - v. to make goods in large amounts
• many - ad. a large number or amount of
• map - n. a picture of the earth's surface or a part of it
• march - v. to walk in a group like soldiers; to walk together in a large group to protest about something
• mark - v. to make a sign or cut on something
• market - n. a place or area where goods are sold, bought or traded; an economic system in which the prices of things are decided by how many there are and how much money people are willing to pay for them
• marry - v. to join a man and woman together as husband and wife; to become husband and wife (usually in a religious or civil ceremony)
• mass - n. an amount of matter having no special form and usually of a large size
• mate - v. to bring together a male and a female to create another creature
• material - n. the substance, substances or matter of which something is made or from which something can be made, such as wood, cloth or stone; anything that can be made into something else
• mathematics - n. the science dealing with amounts, sizes and shapes, as explained by numbers and signs
• matter - n. anything that can be seen or felt; what things are made of
• may - v. a word used with an action word to mean permit or possible ("May I go?" "They may leave tomorrow.")
• mayor - n. the chief official of a city or town government
• meal - n. food eaten to satisfy hunger, such as dinner
• mean - v. to want to; to give the idea of; to have the idea of
• measure - v. to learn the amount, size or distance of something; n. an action taken; a legislative proposal
• meat - n. the part of a dead animal used for food
• media - n. all public information organizations, including newspapers, television and radio
• medicine - n. a substance or drug used to treat disease or pain; the science or study of treating and curing disease or improving health
• meet - v. to come together with someone or something at the same time and place
• melt - v. to make a solid into a liquid by heating it
• member - n. one of a group
• memorial - n. something done or made to honor the memory of a person or event
• memory - n. a picture in the mind of past events; the ability to remember; a thing remembered
• mental - ad. about or having to do with the mind
• mercy - n. kindness toward those who should be punished; the power to be kind or to pardon
• message - n. written or spoken news or information; a note from one person to another person or group
• metal - n. a hard substance such as iron, steel or gold
• method - n. the way something is done
• microscope - n. a device used to make very small things look larger so they can be studied
• middle - n. the center; a place or time of equal distance from both sides or ends; ad. in the center
• militant - n. someone active in trying to cause political change, often by the use of force or violence
• military - n. the armed forces of a nation or group; ad. of or about the armed forces
• milk - n. the white liquid produced by female animals to feed their young
• mind - n. the thinking, feeling part of a person
• mine - v. to dig useful or valuable substances out of the earth; n. a place in the earth where such substances are found; a bomb placed under the ground or under water so it cannot be seen
• mineral - n. a substance found in nature that is not an animal or a plant, such as coal or salt
• minister - n. a member of a cabinet; a high government official ("prime minister,"foreign minister")
• minor - ad. small in size; of little importance
• minority - n. the smaller number; opposite majority
• minute - n. a measure of time; one of the sixty equal parts of an hour; sixty seconds
• miss - v. to fail to hit, see, reach or meet
• missile - n. any weapon that can be thrown or fired through the air and explodes when it reaches its target
• missing - ad. lost; not found
• mistake - n. a wrong action or decision; an action done without the knowledge that it was wrong
• mix - v. to put different things together to make one thing
• mob - n. a large group of wild or angry people
• model - n. an example; something, usually small, made to show how something will look or work
• moderate - ad. not extreme
• modern - ad. of the present or very recent time; the most improved
• money - n. pieces of metal or paper used to pay for things
• month - n. one of the twelve periods of time into which a year is divided
• moon - n. the bright object often seen in the night sky that orbits the earth about every twenty-nine days
• moral - ad. concerning what is right or wrong in someone's actions
• more - ad. greater in size or amount
• morning - n. the early part of the day, from sunrise until noon
• most - ad. greatest in size or amount
• mother - n. the female parent; a woman who has a child or children
• motion - n. a movement; a continuing change of position or place
• mountain - n. a part of the earth's surface that rises high above the area around it
• mourn - v. to express or feel sadness
• move - v. to change position; to put or keep in motion; to go
• movement - n. the act of moving or a way of moving; a series of acts or efforts to reach a goal
• movie - n. a motion picture; a film
• much - ad. great in amount
• murder - v. to kill another person illegally; n. the crime of killing another person
• music - n. the making of sounds by singing or using a musical instrument
• must - v. a word used with an action word to mean necessary ("You must go to school.")
• mystery - n. something that is not or cannot be explained or understood; a secret

N

• name - v. to appoint; to nominate; to give a name to; n. a word by which a person, animal or thing is known or called
• narrow - ad. limited in size or amount; not wide; having a short distance from one side to the other
• nation - n. a country, together with its social and political systems
• native - n. someone who was born in a place, not one who moved there
• natural - ad. of or about nature; normal; common to its kind
• nature - n. all the plants, animals and other things on earth not created by humans; events or processes not caused by humans
• navy - n. the part of a country's military force trained to fight at sea
• near - ad. not far; close to
• necessary - ad. needed to get a result or effect; required
• need - v. to require; to want; to be necessary to have or to do
• negotiate - v. to talk about a problem or situation to find a common solution
• neither - ad. not one or the other of two
• neutral - ad. not supporting one side or the other in a dispute
• never - ad. at no time; not ever
• new - ad. not existing before; not known before; recently made, built, bought or grown; another; different
• news - n. information about any recent events, especially as reported by the media
• next - ad. coming immediately after; nearest
• nice - ad. pleasing; good; kind
• night - n. the time between when the sun goes down and when it rises, when there is little or no light
• no - ad. used to reject or to refuse; not any; not at all
• noise - n. sound, especially when loud
• nominate - v. to name someone as a candidate for an election; to propose a person for an office or position
• noon - n. the middle of the day; twelve o'clock in the daytime
• normal - n. the usual condition, amount or form; ad. usual; what is expected
• north - n. the direction to the left of a person facing the rising sun
• not - ad. a word showing that something is denied or untrue ("She is not going.")
• note - v. to talk about something already known; n. a word or words written to help a person remember; a short letter
• nothing - n. not anything; no thing
• now - ad. at this time; immediately
• nowhere - ad. not in, to or at any place
• nuclear - ad. of or about the energy produced by splitting atoms or bringing them together; of or about weapons that explode by using energy from atoms
• number - n. a word or sign used to show the order or amount of things

O

• obey - v. to act as one is ordered to act
• object - v. to show that one does not like or approve; to protest; n. something not alive that can be seen or touched
• observe - v. to watch; to look at carefully; to celebrate or honor something ("They will observe the anniversary of the day she was born.")
• occupy - v. to take and hold or to control by force
• ocean - n. the area of salt water that covers almost seventy-five percent of the earth's surface; any of the five main divisions of this water
• of - prep. made from; belonging to; about; connected to; included among
• off - ad. away; at a distance; condition when something is no longer operating or continuing; not on; not connected
• offensive - n. a military campaign of attack; ad. having to do with attacking
• offer - v. to present or propose; n. the act of presenting or proposing; that which is presented or proposed
• office - n. a room or building where business or work is done; a public position to which one is elected or appointed
• officer - n. a person in the military who commands others; any person who is a member of a police force
• official - n. a person with power in an organization; a representative of an organization or government; ad. of or about an office; approved by the government or someone in power
• often - ad. many times
• oil - n. a thick liquid that does not mix with water and that burns easily; a black liquid taken from the ground and used as fuel
• old - ad. not young or new; having lived or existed for many years
• on - prep. above and held up by; touching the upper surface of ("The book is on the table."); supported by ("He is on his feet."); about ("The report on the meeting is ready."); at the time of ("He left on Wednesday.")
• once - ad. one time only
• only - ad. being the single one or ones; no more than ("We have only two dollars.")
• open - v. to start ("They opened talks."); ad. not closed; not secret
• operate - v. to do work or a job; to cut into the body for medical reasons
• opinion - n. a belief based on one's own ideas and thinking
• oppose - v. to be against; to fight against
• opposite - ad. different as possible; completely different from; exactly the other way ("North is the opposite direction from south.")
• oppress - v. to make others suffer; to control by the use of unjust and cruel force or power
• or - conj. giving another of two choices; giving the last of several choices
• orbit - v. to travel in space around a planet or other object; n. the path or way an object travels in space around another object or planet
• order - v. to give a command; to tell someone what to do; n. a command; the correct or normal way things are organized; a peaceful situation in which people obey laws
• organize - v. to put in order; to put together into a system
• other - ad. different; of another kind; the remaining one or ones of two or more ("That man is short; the other is tall.")
• our - ad. of or belonging to us
• oust - v. to force to leave; to remove by force
• out - ad. away from the inside; opposite of in
• over - conj. above; covering; across, in or on every part of ("all over the world")
• overthrow - v. to remove from power; to defeat or end by force
• owe - v. to pay or have to repay (usually money) in return for something received
• own - v. to have or possess for oneself

P

• pain - n. a hurt or suffering somewhere in the body
• paint - v. to cover with a liquid color; to make a picture with liquid colors; n. a colored liquid used to cover or protect a surface
• pan - n. a metal container used for cooking
• paper - n. a thin, flat material made from plants or cloth often used for writing
• parachute - n. a device that permits a person or thing to fall slowly from an airplane or helicopter to the ground
• parade - n. a group of people and vehicles moving together to celebrate a special event or anniversary
• pardon - v. to forgive for a crime and release from punishment
• parent - n. a father or mother
• parliament - n. a government lawmaking group
• part - n. something less than the whole; not all of something
• party - n. a group of people working together for a political purpose; a group of people or friends gathered together for enjoyment
• pass - v. to go by or move around something; to move along; to cause or permit to go
• passenger - n. a person travelling by airplane, train, boat or car who is not the pilot or driver
• passport - n. a document permitting a person to travel to another country
• past - n. the time gone by; the time before; ad. recent; immediately before; former
• path - n. a narrow way for walking; a way along which something moves
• patient - n. a person being treated by a doctor for a health problem
• pay - v. to give money for work done or for something bought
• peace - n. the condition of freedom from war, fighting or noise; rest; quiet
• people - n. any group of persons; all the persons of a group, race, religion or nation ("the American people")
• percent - n. a part of every hundred ("Ten is ten percent of one hundred.")
• perfect - ad. complete or correct in every way; completely right or good; without mistakes
• perform - v. to speak, dance or sing in front of others
• period - n. an amount of time within events, restrictions or conditions
• permanent - ad. never changing; lasting for a very long time or for all time
• permit - v. to let; to make possible
• person - n. a man, woman or child
• physical - ad. of the body
• physics - n. the study of motion, matter and energy
• picture - n. something that shows what another thing looks like; an idea or representation of something as seen by the eye; a painting; what is made with a camera
• piece - n. a part of something larger
• pig - n. a farm animal used for its meat
• pilot - n. one who guides or flies an airplane or helicopter
• pipe - n. a long, round piece of material used to move liquid or gas
• place - v. to put something somewhere; n. an area or a part of an area; space where a person or thing is; any room, building, town or country
• plan - v. to organize or develop an idea or method of acting or doing something ">("They plan to have a party."); n. an organized or developed idea or method ("The plan will not work.")
• planet - n. a large object in space that orbits the sun ("Earth is a planet.")
• plant - v. to put into the ground to grow; n. a living growth from the ground which gets its food from air, water and earth
• plastic - n. a material made from chemicals that can be formed and made into things
• play - v. to have fun; to not work; to take part in a sport; to make music on an instrument; n. a story acted in a theater
• please - v. to make one happy; to give enjoyment
• plenty - n. all that is needed; a large enough amount
• plot - v. to make secret plans; n. a secret plan to do something wrong or illegal
• poem - n. words and their sounds organized in a special way to express emotions
• point - v. to aim one's finger toward; to aim; n. the sharp end of something
• poison - n. a substance that can destroy life or damage health
• police - n. a government agency responsible for guarding the public, keeping order, and making sure people obey the law; members of that agency
• policy - n. an established set of plans or goals used to develop and make decisions in politics, economics or business
• politics - n. the activities of government and of those who are in public office
• pollute - v. to release dangerous or unpleasant substances into the air, soil or water
• poor - n. people with little or no money; ad. lacking money or goods; of bad quality
• popular - ad. liked by many people; generally approved by the public
• population - n. all the people in a place, city or country
• port - n. a city where ships load or unload goods; a place on a coast where ships can be safe from a storm
• position - n. a place; the way of holding the body; the way a thing is set or placed; a job (or level of a job) in an organization
• possess - v. to have; to own; to control or be controlled by
• possible - ad. able to be done; can happen or is expected to happen
• postpone - v. to delay action until a later time
• pour - v. to flow; to cause to flow
• power - n. the ability to control or direct others; control; strength; ruling force; force or energy used to do work ("Water power turns the wheel.")
• praise - v. to say good things about; to approve
• pray - v. to make a request to a god or spirit; to praise a god or spirit
• pregnant - ad. carrying a child within the body before it is born; expecting to give birth to a baby
• present - v. to offer for consideration ("We will present our idea to the committee."); n. a gift ("I gave them a present for their anniversary."); now ("The present time is a good time."); ad. to be at a place ("I was present at school yesterday.")
• president - n. the chief official of a country that is a republic; the leader of an organization
• press - v. to urge strongly; n. newspapers, magazines and other publications
• pressure - n. the force produced when something is pushed down or against something else
• prevent - v. to keep or stop from going or happening
• price - n. the amount of money for which anything is bought, sold or offered for sale
• prison - n. a place where a person is kept as punishment for a crime
• private - ad. of or about a person or group that is secret; opposite public
• prize - n. something offered or won in a competition; something of value that one must work hard for to get
• probably - ad. a good chance of taking place; a little more than possible
• problem - n. a difficult question or situation with an unknown or unclear answer
• process - n. an operation or series of changes leading to a desired result
• produce - v. to make; to create; to cause something to be; to manufacture
• profession - n. a job that requires special training
• professor - n. a teacher at a college or university
• profit - n. money gained from a business activity after paying all costs of that activity
• program - n. a plan of action; the different events or parts of a meeting or show
• progress - n. movement forward or toward improvement or a goal
• project - n. a planned effort to do something
• propaganda - n. ideas or information used to influence opinions
• property - n. anything owned by someone such as land, buildings or goods
• propose - v. to present or offer for consideration
• protect - v. to guard; to defend; to prevent from being harmed or damaged
• protest - v. to speak against; to object
• prove - v. to show to be true
• provide - v. to give something needed or wanted
• public - ad. of or about all the people in a community or country; opposite private
• publication - n. something that is published such as a book, newspaper or magazine
• publish - v. to make public something that is written; to include something in a book, newspaper or magazine
• pull - v. to use force to move something toward the person or thing using the force; opposite push
• pump - v. to force a gas or liquid up, into or through
• punish - v. to cause pain, suffering or loss for doing something bad or illegal
• purchase - v. to buy with money or with something of equal value; n. that which is bought
• pure - ad. free from anything that is different or that reduces value; clean
• purpose - n. the reason or desired effect for doing something; goal
• push - v. to use force to move something away from the person or thing using the force; opposite pull
• put - v. to place; to set in position

Q

• quality - n. that which something is known to have or be ("An important quality of steel is its strength."); amount of value or excellence ("Their goods are of the highest quality.")
• question - v. to ask; to express wonder or disbelief; n. a sentence or word used in asking for information; a problem; an issue to be discussed
• quick - ad. fast
• quiet - ad. with little or no noise; having little or no movement; calm

R

• race - v. to run; to take part in a competition to decide who or what can move fastest; to take part in a campaign for political office; n. one of the major groups that humans can be divided into because of a common physical similarity, such as skin color
• radar - n. a device that uses radio signals to learn the position or speed of objects that may be too far away to be seen
• radiation - n. waves of energy from something that produces heat or light; energy from a nuclear substance, which can be dangerous
• radio - n. the system of sending and receiving signals or sounds through the air without wires
• raid - v. to make a sudden attack; n. a sudden attack carried out as an act of war, or for the purpose of seizing or stealing something
• railroad - n. a road for trains; a company that operates such a road and its stations and equipment
• rain - n. water falling from the sky
• raise - v. to lift up; to move to a higher position; to cause to grow; to increase
• rare - ad. not common; not usual; not often
• rate - n. speed; a measure of how quickly or how often something happens; the price of any thing or service that is bought or sold
• reach - v. to put a hand toward; to arrive at; to come to
• react - v. to act as a result of or in answer to
• read - v. to look at and understand the meaning of written words or numbers
• ready - ad. prepared; completed; organized; willing
• real - ad. true; truly existing; not false
• realistic - ad. in agreement with the way things are
• reason - n. the cause for a belief or act; purpose; something that explains
• reasonable - ad. ready to listen to reasons or ideas; not extreme; ready or willing to compromise
• rebel - v. to act against a government or power, often with force; to refuse to obey; n. one who opposes or fights against the government of his or her country
• receive - v. to get or accept something given, offered or sent
• recent - ad. a short time ago
• recession - n. a temporary reduction in economic activity, when industries produce less and many workers lose their jobs
• recognize - v. to know or remember something or someone that was known, known about or seen before; to accept another nation as independent and establish diplomatic ties with its government
• record - v. to write something in order to have it for future use; to put sound or pictures in a form that can be kept and heard or seen again; n. a writing that shows proof or facts about something
• recover - v. to get again something that was lost, stolen or taken away ("The police recovered the stolen money."); to return to normal health or normal conditions She is expected to recover from the operation.")
• red - ad. having the color like that of blood
• reduce - v. to make less or smaller in number, size or amount; to cut
• reform - v. to make better by changing; to improve; n. a change to a better condition
• refugee - n. a person who has been forced to flee because of unjust treatment, danger or war
• refuse - v. to reject; to not accept, give or do something
• regret - n. a feeling of sadness or sorrow about something that is done or that happens
• reject - v. to refuse to accept, use or believe
• relations - n. understandings or ties between nations; members of the same family; people connected by marriage or family ties
• release - v. to free; to permit to go; to permit to be known or made public
• religion - n. a belief in, or the honoring of, a god or gods
• remain - v. to stay in a place after others leave; to stay the same
• remains - n. a dead body
• remember - v. to think about the past; opposite forget
• remove - v. to take away or take off; to put an end to; to take out of a position or office
• repair - n. work done to fix something
• repeat - v. to say or do again
• report - v. to tell about; to give the results of a study or investigation; n. the story about an event; the results of a study or investigation; a statement in which the facts may not be confirmed
• represent - v. to act in the place of someone else; to substitute for; to serve as an example
• repress - v. to control or to restrict freedoms by force
• request - v. to ask for; n. the act of asking for
• require - v. to need or demand as necessary
• rescue - v. to free from danger or evil
• research - n. a careful study to discover correct information
• resign - v. to leave a position, job or office
• resist - v. to oppose; to fight to prevent
• resolution - n. an official statement of agreement by a group of people, usually reached by voting
• resource - n. anything of value that can be used or sold
• responsible - ad. having a duty or job to do ("He is responsible for preparing the report."); being the cause of ("They were responsible for the accident.")
• rest - v. to sit, lie down or sleep to regain strength; n. that which remains; the others
• restrain - v. to keep controlled; to limit action by a person or group
• restrict - v. to limit; to prevent from increasing or becoming larger
• result - v. to happen from a cause; n. that which follows or is produced by a cause; effect
• retire - v. to leave a job or position because one is old or in poor health
• return - v. to go or come back; to bring, give, take or send back
• revolt - v. to protest violently; to fight for a change, especially of government
• rice - n. a food grain
• rich - ad. having much money or goods; having plenty of something
• ride - v. to sit on or in and be carried along; to travel by animal, wheeled vehicle, airplane or boat
• right - n. what a person legally and morally should be able to do or have ("It is their right to vote."); ad. agreeing with the facts; good; correct; opposite wrong; on the side that is toward the east when one is facing north; opposite left
• riot - v. to act with many others in a violent way in a public place; n. a violent action by a large group of people
• rise - v. to go up; to go higher; to increase; to go from a position of sitting or lying to a position of standing
• risk - n. the chance of loss, damage or injury
• river - n. a large amount of water that flows across land into another river, a lake or an ocean
• road - n. a long piece of hard ground built between two places so people can walk, drive or ride easily from one place to the other
• rob - v. to take money or property secretly or by force; to steal
• rock - n. a hard piece of mineral matter
• rocket - n. a device shaped like a tube that moves through air or space by burning gases and letting them escape from the back or bottom, sometimes used as a weapon
• roll - v. to turn over and over; to move like a ball
• room - n. a separate area within a building with its own walls
• root - n. the part of a plant that is under the ground and takes nutrients from the soil
• rope - n. a long, thick piece of material made from thinner pieces of material, used for tying
• rough - ad. not flat or smooth; having an uneven surface; violent; not made well
• round - ad. having the shape of a ball or circle
• rub - v. to move something over the surface of another thing
• rubber - n. a substance made from the liquid of trees with the same name, or a similar substance made from chemicals
• ruin - v. to damage severely; to destroy
• rule - v. to govern or control; to decide; n. a statement or an order that says how something must be done
• run - v. to move quickly by steps faster than those used for walking

S

• sabotage - v. to damage or destroy as an act against an organization or nation ("The rebels sabotaged the railroad.")
• sacrifice - v. to do without something or to suffer a loss for a belief, idea, goal or another person
• sad - ad. not happy
• safe - ad. away from harm or danger
• sail - v. to travel by boat or ship
• sailor - n. a person involved in sailing a boat or ship